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Using a VPN is a terrific way to protect your internet traffic when you're traveling, but it is not a solution for encrypting your local files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shooter's iPhone, they asked Apple for a back door to get past the encryption. However, no such back door existed, and Apple refused to make one. The FBI needed to hire hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Because the moment a back door or comparable hack exists, it will become a goal, a decoration for the poor guys. It'll leak sooner or later. In a discussion at Black Hat this past summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic revealed the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update thembut the bad guys can't get in either. .

All of the products in this roundup explicitly state they have no rear door, and that is as it should be. It does mean that in the event you encrypt an essential document and then forget the encryption password, you've lost it for good.

Back in the day, if you wanted to keep a document secret you could use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you could lock it up in a safe. The two main approaches in encryption utilities parallel these options.

One type of product simply procedures files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of themselves. Another creates a virtual disc that, when open, behaves like any other drive on your system. When you lock the virtual drive, all the documents that you put into it are completely inaccessible. .

Like the virtual drive solution, a few goods store your encrypted information in the cloud. This approach demands extreme care, obviously. Encrypted data in the cloud has a much larger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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Which is better It really depends on how you plan on using encryption. If you are not sure, take advantage of the 30-day free trial offered by each of these products to get a sense of the different options.

After you copy a file into protected storage, or create an encrypted version of it, you absolutely need to wipe out the unencrypted original. Just deleting it isn't sufficient, even if you bypass the Recycle Bin, because the data still exists on disc, and data retrieval utilities can often return back. .

Some encryption products prevent this issue by encrypting the document in place, literally overwriting it on disc using an encrypted version. It is more common, though, to provide safe deletion as an option. If you select something that lacks this attribute, you ought to find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting data before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based recovery tools. Hardware-based forensic recovery functions since the magnetic recording of information on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It's more of a waveform. In simple terms, the process involves nulling out the known information and reading around the borders of what is left.

An link encryption algorithm is like a black box. Dump a document, image, or other document into it, and you get back what sounds like gibberish. Run that gibberish back through the box, with the exact same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has depended on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and all the merchandise accumulated here support AES. Even the ones that support other calculations tend to recommend using AES.

If you're an encryption specialist, you might want another algorithm, Blowfish, perhaps, or the Soviet government's GOST. For the average consumer, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you must keep them confidential, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you get two keys. One is public; you can discuss it with anyone, enroll it in an integral exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you prefer. Another is private, and should be closely guarded. If I want to send you a key document, I just encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this system in reverse, you can make a digital signature which proves your document came from you and hasn't been altered. How Just encrypt it with your private key. The simple fact that your public key decrypts it's all the proof you need. PKI service is less common than service for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to share a document with someone and your encryption tool doesn't support PKI, there are other options for sharing. Many products enable creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You may also find that the recipient can use a complimentary, decryption-only tool.